• Formal descriptions and theory-driven frameworks became central to Applied Linguistics, prioritizing unified models of linguistic description, grammar theory, and the notion that language can be represented as a formal system to guide descriptive practice across theories and domains [1], [2], [6], [7], [8], [11], [16], [17].

• Emergence of computation-oriented language studies integrated linguistics with data processing, from computational analysis of English corpora to semantic representations and natural language interfaces, foreshadowing NLP and computational linguistics [4], [7], [9], [14], [20].

• Semantics, discourse structure, and cohesion became central to text-centered analysis, linking lexical semantics and semantic representations with narrative and text processing in applied contexts [4], [13], [15], [18], [20].

• Cognitive, psycholinguistic, and typological perspectives emerged within a universalist frame, seeking cognitive constraints, language learning implications, and cross-language generalizations across foundational works [3], [5], [10], [12].

• Language as social practice and poetics informed text, rhetoric, and stylistic analysis, integrating philosophy of language with narrative and social aspects of linguistic use [11], [13], [14], [17], [18].